What is the function of PPAR-alpha?

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. PPAR-alpha regulates the expression of genes involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation and is a major regulator of energy homeostasis.

Where are PPAR-alpha receptors located?

Tissue distribution In rodents, highest mRNA expression levels of PPAR-alpha are found in liver and brown adipose tissue, followed by heart and kidney. Lower PPAR-alpha expression levels are found in small and large intestine, skeletal muscle and adrenal gland.

Are PPAR receptors beta or alpha?

PPAR-alpha is highly expressed in hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, enterocytes, and the proximal tubule cells of kidney. PPAR-beta is expressed ubiquitously and often at higher levels than PPAR-alpha and -gamma. PPAR-gamma is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and the immune system.

What activates PPAR-alpha?

PPAR-α can be activated by certain natural and synthetic ligands such as PUFAs, eicosanoids, and hypolipidemic drugs (fibrates) and then modulates DNA transcription by binding to specific nucleotide sequences located in the regulatory regions of target genes known as peroxisome proliferator responsive elements (PPREs)6 …

What is PPARs function?

PPARs are members of the supergene family of nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes involved in cellular intermediary metabolism and inflammation.

What is PPAR alpha and gamma?

Although PPAR alpha potentiates FA catabolism in the liver and is the molecular target of the lipid-lowering fibrates, PPAR-gamma is essential for adipocyte differentiation and hypertrophy, and mediates the activity of the insulin-sensitizing TZDs.

What activates PPAR?

PPARs are transcription factors, activated by binding metabolic ligands, which exert their effects at the level of DNA to alter gene expression. There are three PPAR subclasses (α, γ, and δ); each of these plays a specific role in metabolic regulation.

What is a PPAR alpha reporter assay?

INDIGO’s PPAR alpha Reporter Assay Systems utilize proprietary mammalian cells engineered to express human PPARA, commonly referred to as PPAR alpha.

What is the role of PPAR alpha in the pathophysiology of fatty acid oxidation?

Activation of PPAR-alpha promotes uptake, utilization, and catabolism of fatty acids by upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid transport, fatty acid binding and activation, and peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. Expression of PPAR-α is highest in tissues that oxidize fatty acids at a rapid rate.

What is the role of PPARα in hepatotoxic biomarkers?

Thulin P, Rafter I, Stockling K, et al. PPARαregulates the hepatotoxic biomarker alanine aminotransferase (ALT1) gene expression in human hepatocytes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2008;231(1):1–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 247.

What are the isoforms of retinoic acid receptors (PPARs)?

Like PPARs, RXR exists as three distinct isoforms: RXR-α, β, and γ, all of which are activated by the endogenous agonist 9-cis retinoic acid.[6] No specific roles have yet been elaborated for these different isoforms within the PPAR: RXR complex.