How is propofol manufactured?

Preparation of 2,6-Diisopropylphenol (Propofol, 1) The organic layer was separated, washed with brine (20%, 30 L), and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide an oily residue which was then distilled (0.05 mm, 80–85 °C) under reduced pressure to provide propofol as a colorless liquid (6 kg, 74%).

What is the chemical formula of propofol?

C12H18OPropofol / Formula

Why is propofol formulated as emulsion?

Conclusion: The incorporation of propofol in emulsion reduces dose requirements and produces rapid onset and recovery of anesthetic effect.

What are the ingredients in propofol?

Each 100 ml vial contains 1000 mg propofol. Excipients: 1 ml emulsion for injection/infusion contains 100 mg soya-bean oil, refined and 0.0018 mmol (0.04 mg) sodium. Each 20 ml ampoule/vial contains 2 g soya-bean oil, refined and 0.036 mmol (0.8 mg) sodium.

Where is propofol produced?

Propofol‐Lipuro 1% injectable emulsion for infusion will be manufactured by B. Braun facilities in Germany as Propofol‐Lipuro 1% Emulsion supplied in all other countries worldwide.

Who developed propofol?

The 2018 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award honors John B. (Iain) Glen (retired from AstraZeneca), who discovered and developed propofol, a chemical whose rapid action and freedom from residual effects have made it the most widely used agent for induction of anesthesia in patients throughout the world.

What is propofol mixed with?

Propofol 10 mg/ml should only be mixed with the following products: glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for injection, sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection or sodium chloride 1.8 mg/ml (0.18%) and glucose 40 mg/ml (4%) solution for injection, and preservative-free lidocaine 10 mg/ml (1%) solution for …

Is propofol soluble in water?

Propofol is slightly soluble in water and, thus, is formulated in a white, oil-in-water emulsion. The pKa is 11. The octanol/water partition coefficient for propofol is 6761:1 at a pH of 6 to 8.5.

Why is propofol prepared in a 1% lipid emulsion?

Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic that is frequently used as a sedative for patients receiving anesthesia and in intensive care units. Since it has high lipophilicity, propofol is dissolved in a lipid emulsion in clinical settings.

Does propofol contain polyethylene glycol?

Propofol in microemulsion system is surrounded by a corona of polyethylene glycol 660 hydroxystearate and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol polyethylene glycol, and served as the lipid oil core of the microemulsion.

What is propofol emulsion?

Propofol injectable emulsion is a single access parenteral product (single patient infusion vial) which contains benzyl alcohol 1.5 mg/mL and sodium benzoate 0.7 mg/mL to inhibit the rate of growth of microorganisms, up to 12 hours, in the event of accidental extrinsic contamination.

Which company makes propofol?

Fresenius Kabi is the U.S. market leader, and we’re committed to meeting Diprivan demand with continuous supply. Diprivan®. The Propofol that is known. Diprivan®.

What pharmaceutical company makes propofol?

The Bureau has found the production of propofol is concentrated in just a handful of countries. There are five pharmaceutical companies that supply the drug to the US: Fresenius Kabi (which holds nearly 70% of the market), Pfizer, Teva, Sagent, and Dr. Reddy’s.

Where was propofol developed?

Propofol was originally developed in the United Kingdom by Imperial Chemical Industries following research into the sedative effect of phenol derivatives in animal models. Its anesthetic properties were first reported in January 1973 [10, 11].

Who invented the anesthesia?

Yet while the discovery of anesthesia was a bona fide blessing for humankind, it hardly turned out to be that great for its “discoverer,” William T. G. Morton. Morton began his dental studies in Baltimore in 1840. Two years later he set up practice in Hartford, ultimately working with a dentist named Horace Wells.

What preservative is in propofol?

Recently, a newer formulation of propofol with metabisulfite preservative has been introduced. metabisulfite causes airway narrowing in asthmatics.

Why is lidocaine added to propofol?

Lidocaine is used to reduce pain associated with propofol injection, either mixed with propofol or preceding it as a separate injection. The addition of lidocaine to propofol causes destabilization of the emulsion and reduces anesthetic potency in rats and humans.

How do you dilute propofol?

The maximum dilution must not exceed 1 part of Propofol with 4 parts of glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for injection, sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection or sodium chloride 1.8 mg/ml (0.18%) and glucose 40 mg/ml (4%) solution for injection (minimum concentration 2 mg propofol/ml).

Where is propofol derived from?

Propofol is an intravenous medication used for anesthesia prior to some surgical and other medical procedures and for some people on ventilators. The propofol is mixed in a liquid containing soybean oil and a substance called egg lecithin. Lecithin is a fatty substance found in some plant and animal tissues.

How many lipids are in propofol?

Propofol, a commonly used sedative in the intensive care unit, is formulated in a 10% lipid emulsion that contributes 1.1 kcals per mL.

What is propofol?

Propofol is a unique compound compared to the other intravenous anesthetics. It is a simple phenol substituted with two isopropyl groups in each of the positions adjacent to the hydroxyl group, the ortho positions ( fig. 1 ). In its pure form at room temperature, it is an oil with a slightly yellowish color, but it freezes at only 19°C.

What is the role of emulsion formulation in the treatment of propofol?

Dutta S, Ebling WF: Emulsion formulation reduces propofol’s dose requirements and enhances safety. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1394–405 37. Dutta S, Ebling WF: Formulation-dependent pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50:37–42 38.

How to develop better propofol prodrugs?

Modification of chemical structure is another approach, particularly with the development of propofol prodrugs. Summary: There is a continuous need to develop a better and safer propofol. The development of a new propofol should be focused on minimizing the unwanted side effects, while preserving the beneficial profiles.

Will there be a new propofol in the near future?

The development of a new propofol should be focused on minimizing the unwanted side effects, while preserving the beneficial profiles. Hopefully, just such a new propofol will be available in the near future for clinical use. There is a continuous need to develop a better and safer propofol.