What is the signaling pathway for rankl?

RANK signaling cooperates with the signal from the immune receptor/ITAM, which is another signaling pathway that is required for osteoclastogenesis. Together with ITAM-mediated Ca2+ signaling, RANK signaling finally induces the amplification of NFATc1 and the expression of osteoclastic genes.

What is the action of osteoclasts?

Osteoclasts are the cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity. They are derived from precursors in the myeloid/monocyte lineage that circulate in the blood after their formation in the bone marrow.

Where is rankl found?

High protein expression of RANKL is commonly detected in the lungs, thymus and lymph nodes. Low protein expression is found in bone marrow, the stomach, peripheral blood, the spleen, the placenta, leukocytes, the heart, the thyroid, and skeletal muscle.

How does RANK and RANKL work?

RANKL/RANK, Wnt/b-catenin, and Jagged1/Notch1 are 3 important pathways modulated by osteoblasts which affect the bone mass density via the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts functions [8]. In the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway, RANKL binds to RANK as its receptor and eventually leads to osteoclast precursor maturation.

What is an osteoclast vs osteoblast?

Osteoblast and osteoclast are the two main cells participating in those progresses (Matsuo and Irie, 2008). Osteoclasts are responsible for aged bone resorption and osteoblasts are responsible for new bone formation (Matsuoka et al., 2014). The resorption and formation is in stable at physiological conditions.

What does RANKL mean?

receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta
RANKL is the abbreviation for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB ligand). It is also commonly referred to as osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL) or osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) or TNF related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE).

What releases RANK Ligand?

RANK is mainly expressed in osteoclast precursors, mature osteoclasts, and immune cells such as DCs, macrophages, and microglia. A recent study demonstrated that the osteoclast releases RANK-expressing extracellular vesicles, which interact with the RANKL on osteoblasts.

What activates RANKL?

RANK is also known to be expressed in skeletal muscle. The activation of RANKL/RANK signaling in skeletal muscle leads to the inhibition of myogenic differentiation through the activation of NF-κB, which results in skeletal muscle dysfunction and loss [97].

Why do osteoblasts release RANKL?

RANKL is expressed on osteoblasts and T cells. It binds the receptor RANK, which is produced on osteoclasts and their progenitors. The interaction of RANK with RANKL is required for osteoclast formation, differentiation, activation and survival.

What is RANKL OPG ratio?

OPG protects the skeleton from excessive bone resorption by binding to RANKL and preventing it from binding to its receptor, RANK. Thus, RANKL/OPG ratio is an important determinant of bone mass and skeletal integrity.

What are the 3 main types of bone cells?

There are three types of cells that contribute to bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cell, osteoclasts resorb or break down bone, and osteocytes are mature bone cells.